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Japanese war crimes
Japanese war crimes occurred in many Asian and Pacific countries during the period of Japanese imperialism, primarily during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. These incidents have also been described as an Asian Holocaust and Japanese war atrocities.〔http://www.archives.gov/iwg/japanese-war-crimes/introductory-essays.pdf〕 Some war crimes were committed by military personnel from the Empire of Japan in the late 19th century, although most took place during the first part of the ''Shōwa Era'', the name given to the reign of Emperor Hirohito, until the military defeat of the Empire of Japan, in 1945.
Historians and governments of some countries hold Japanese military forces, namely the Imperial Japanese Army, the Imperial Japanese Navy, and the Imperial Japanese family, especially Emperor Hirohito, responsible for killings and other crimes committed against millions of civilians and prisoners of war.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Japanese War Criminals World War Two )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Japanese War Crimes )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Pacific Theater Document Archive )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Bibliography: War Crimes )〕 Some Japanese soldiers have admitted to committing these crimes. Airmen of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service were not included as war criminals as there was no positive or specific customary international humanitarian law that prohibited the unlawful conducts of aerial warfare before and during World War II. The Imperial Japanese Army Air Service took part in conducting chemical and biological attacks on enemy nationals during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II and the use of such weapons in warfare were generally prohibited by international agreements signed by Japan, including the Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907), which banned the use of "poison or poisoned weapons" in warfare.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Unit 731 and the Japanese Imperial Army's Biological Warfare Program )〕
Since the 1950s, senior Japanese Government officials have issued numerous apologies for the country's war crimes. Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs states that the country acknowledges its role in causing "tremendous damage and suffering" during World War II, especially in regard to the IJA entrance into Nanjing during which Japanese soldiers killed a large number of non-combatants and engaged in looting and rape.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Q8: What is the view of the Government of Japan on the incident known as the "Nanjing Massacre"? )〕 Some members of the Liberal Democratic Party in the Japanese government such as former prime minister Junichiro Koizumi and current Prime Minister Shinzo Abe have prayed at the Yasukuni Shrine, which includes convicted Class A war criminals in its honored war dead. Some Japanese history textbooks only offer brief references to the various war crimes, and members of the Liberal Democratic Party such as Shinzo Abe have denied some of the atrocities such as government involvement in abducting women to serve as "comfort women" (sex slaves).〔
==Definitions==
(詳細はWar crimes have been defined by the Tokyo Charter as "violations of the laws or customs of war,"〔(International Military Tribunal for the Far East Charter (IMTFE Charter) )〕 which includes crimes against enemy combatants and enemy non-combatants.〔(International Military Tribunal for the Far East )〕 War crimes also included deliberate attacks on citizens and property of neutral states as they fall under the category of non-combatants, as at the attack on Pearl Harbor. Military personnel from the Empire of Japan have been accused or convicted of committing many such acts during the period of Japanese imperialism from the late 19th to mid-20th centuries. They have been accused of conducting a series of human rights abuses against civilians and prisoners of war throughout East Asia and the western Pacific region. These events reached their height during the Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937–45 and the Asian and Pacific campaigns of World War II (1941–45). In addition to Japanese civil and military personnel, Koreans and Taiwanese who were forced to serve in the military of the Empire of Japan were also found to have committed war crimes as part of the Japanese Imperial Army.〔Harmsen, Peter, Jiji Press, "Taiwanese seeks payback for brutal service in Imperial Army", ''Japan Times'', 26 September 2012, p. 4〕
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